You can introduce a design system inside a micro-frontends project however depends how you have architected the project.
In any case, the main decision you need to take is if you will provide just the design tokens to your teams and therefore they need to build their own library, otherwise you can build a design system with simple components that are modular.
In the second case, you may use web components (if your platform is compliant with the browsers supported by them and their polyfill) or you can create a design system per library, this option requires definitely more work but usually, you don’t have more than 2 frameworks to support per project.